Skip to main content
Download PDF

Helicobacter pylori infection is not associated with an increased hemorrhagic risk in patients in the intensive care unit

Critical Care volume 10, Article number: R77 (2006) Cite this article

Abstract

Introduction

The potential role of Helicobacter pylori in acute stress ulcer in patients in an intensive care unit (ICU) is controversial. The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of H. pylori infection in ICU patients by antigen detection on rectal swabs, and to analyze the potential relationship between the presence of H. pylori and the risk of digestive gastrointestinal bleeding.

Methods

In this prospective, multicenter, epidemiological study, the inclusion criteria were as follows: patients admitted to the 12 participating ICU for at least two days, who were free of hemorrhagic shock and did not receive more than four units of red blood cells during the day before or the first 48 hours after admission to the ICU. Rectal swabs were obtained within the first 24 hours of admission to the ICU and were tested for H. pylori antigens with the ImmunoCard STAT! HpSA kit. The following events were analyzed according to H. pylori status: gastrointestinal bleeding, unexplained decline in hematocrit, and the number of red cell transfusions.

Results

The study involved 1,776 patients. Forty-nine patients (2.8%) had clinical evidence of upper digestive bleeding. Esophagogastroduodenoscopy was performed in 7.6% of patients. Five hundred patients (28.2%) required blood transfusion. H. pylori antigen was detected in 6.3% of patients (95% confidence interval 5.2 to 7.5). H. pylori antigen positivity was associated with female sex (p < 0.05) and with a higher Simplified Acute Physiology Score II (SAPS II; p < 0.05). H. pylori antigen status was not associated with the use of fiber-optic gastroscopy, the need for red cell transfusions, or the number of red cell units infused.

Conclusion

This large study reported a small percentage of H. pylori infection detected with rectal swab sampling in ICU patients and showed that the patients infected with H. pylori had no additional risk of gastrointestinal bleeding. Thus H. pylori does not seem to have a major role in the pathogenesis of acute stress ulcer in ICU patients.

Introduction

Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is able to colonize gastric mucus and has a major pathogenic role in peptic ulcer [1], gastric cancer and MALT (mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue) lymphoma [2]. H. pylori is estimated to colonize more than 50% of the population worldwide [3, 4], but its prevalence falls with improving living standards and hygiene [5].

The potential role of H. pylori in acute stress ulcer in patients in the intensive care unit (ICU) is more controversial. Indeed, the pathogenesis of stress ulcers has multiple causes, such as mucosal ischemia and/or ischemia-reperfusion, acid back-diffusion, and bile reflux [6, 7]. Some of these factors have been linked to H. pylori infection [2, 8]. Animal studies show that Helicobacter infection can contribute to the pathogenesis of acute stress ulceration [9, 10]. Robertson and colleagues showed a tentative link between H. pylori seropositivity and the severity of gastric bleeding [11]. Similarly, Van der Voort and colleagues reported a significant correlation between H. pylori infection and the severity of upper gastrointestinal lesions in ICU patients [12]. Conversely, other studies have shown no relationship between H. pylori seropositivity and gastric bleeding [13, 14].

H. pylori infection is difficult to detect in ICU patients. Direct isolation by ulcer biopsy is rarely possible because of the bleeding risk. Serologic testing is simple and has been used in several studies [11, 13, 14] but cannot discriminate current from past infection, and the antibody titer can be affected by hemodilution. H. pylori infection can also be detected by the [13C] urea breath test [15], but this technique cannot be used routinely, especially in ICU patients. H. pylori antigen detection in stool samples was recently validated with a 93.8% sensitivity and 96.0% specificity [16, 17]; the method is noninvasive and a positive result is indicative of active infection. A rectal swab may appear to be an easy way to collect stool samples in ICU patients, because it is routinely done in ICU to detect colonization with multiresistant bacteria. Stool antigen testing on a rectal swab seems to be the more appropriate test for use on ICU patients, for whom techniques such as serology do not necessarily indicate an active infection, the urea breath test needs heavy technical adaptation to ventilated patients, and invasive methods are undesirable.

We used the stool antigen testing method on a rectal swab to study the prevalence of H. pylori infection in ICU patients, and to analyze the possible relationship of H. pylori infection to the risk of upper gastrointestinal bleeding.

Materials and methods

Patients and sampling

This multicenter prospective epidemiologic study was conducted in 12 ICUs (six in teaching hospitals and six in general hospitals). Patients were eligible for the study if they were admitted to a participating ICU for at least two days from January to August 2004. Patients were ineligible if their ICU stay was less than 48 hours, and patients with a previous history of gastric or duodenal ulcer were excluded from the study. Because the aim of the study was to analyze the potential role of H. pylori occurring during the ICU stay, patients who had hemorrhagic shock on admission or who received more than four units of red blood cell transfusion before or during the first 48 hours after admission to the ICU were also excluded from the study.

Rectal swabbing for H. pylori antigen detection was done within 24 hours after admission, at the same time as routine screening for multiresistant bacterial colonization in accordance with ICU policies. All swabs were kept frozen at -20°C. Stored samples were tested simultaneously for H. pylori antigen every 2 months. The results for H. pylori detection were not available until after the end of the study.

Detection of H. pylori antigen

Preliminary tests with H. pylori antigen-positive stools allowed us to confirm good conservation of specific antigens on frozen rectal swabs. All rectal swabs were tested for H. pylori antigen with the ImmunoCard STAT! HpSA kit (Bioscience Europe, Nice, France) as recommended by the manufacturer. In brief, stored specimens were returned to room temperature just before testing. Each swab was placed in a tube containing 1 ml of sample diluent and was vortex-mixed for 15 seconds. The tip of the vial was snapped off, and four drops were added to the sample port of the test cassette. The test was read after incubation for exactly 5 minutes at ambient room temperature. Tests were recorded as positive if there was a blue line in the control window and a pink line in the test window, and negative if there was a blue line in the control window and no pink line in the test window.

Serological study

Two of the 12 centers also tested some patients for H. pylori-specific IgG antibodies in serum, using the Platelia enzyme immunoassay (Bio-Rad, Marnes-la-Coquette, France), in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions. The test was positive if the ratio between the optical density of the specimen and the mean optical density of the control was 1 or more.

Clinical data

The following clinical characteristics were recorded: age, gender, Simplified Acute Physiology Score II (SAPS II) on admission, reason for admission to the ICU, previous significant disease, intubation and mechanical ventilation, catecholamine infusion, and extra-renal procedures. The occurrence and origin of bleeding complications during the ICU stay were recorded. Upper gastrointestinal bleeding was suspected if the decline in hemoglobin concentration was associated with melena, or if there was an isolated unexpected decline in hemoglobin level higher than 2 g/dl within 48 hours or 1 g/dl on two consecutive days. The indication of esophagogastroduodenoscopy was left free to the physician in charge of the patient. The number of units of red blood cell transfused, whatever the evidence of upper gastrointestinal bleeding, was also recorded. Red blood cell transfusions were indicated by the physician in charge of the patients. For the purpose of the study there was no recommendation relating to the hemoglobin level; however, blood transfusions were usually prescribed in accordance with French consensus guidelines (hemoglobin level below 7 g/dl, or below 10 g/dl in an at-risk patient) [18].

The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the French Society of Critical Care Medicine (Société de Réanimation de Langue Française).

Statistical analysis

Data are expressed as means ± SD or as median and range, as appropriate. Qualitative values were compared by using the χ2 test or Fisher's exact test, as appropriate. Continuous values were compared with Student's t test or analysis of variance for normal values, or with the Mann-Whitney test for nonparametric data. p < 0.05 was considered to denote statistical significance.

The factors associated with bleeding during ICU stay were also studied with multivariate analysis. Variables with p < 0.25 in univariate analysis were selected. A multivariate logistic regression model with bleeding event during ICU stay as the dependent variable was fitted in a forward stepwise procedure by using SAS (SAS Institute, Cary NC, USA). Predictive values are presented as odds ratios (ORs) and corresponding to 95% confidence intervals (CIs).

Results

In the study, 2,266 patients were enrolled. Of these, 397 patients were excluded because their ICU stay lasted less than 48 hours or because they had previous history of gastric or duodenal ulcer. A further 93 patients were excluded because they required blood transfusion for bleeding on admission. Thus, 1,776 patients constituted the study group. The clinical characteristics of the patients are summarized in Table 1. The patients were admitted for medical reasons in 79% of cases, for emergency surgery in 13%, and for trauma in 8%. The main underlying diseases were alcoholism (21.8%), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (18.5%), diabetes mellitus (16.6%), cancer (14.6%), chronic heart failure (13.0%), chronic renal failure (5.9%), hematologic malignancies (4.7%), and cirrhosis (3.7%).

Table 1 Clinical characteristics of the 1,776 ICU patients
Full size table

On the day of admission to the ICU, 10.3% and 2.6% of the patients, respectively, were receiving aspirin and anti-inflammatory agents, 6.5% were receiving corticosteroids and 7.8% were on anticoagulation therapy; 27.9% were receiving antimicrobial therapy for a mean duration of 5.7 days (range 1 to 27) and 15.8% were receiving anti-ulcer prophylaxis (usually proton pump inhibitors).

H. pylori antigen was detected in 6.3% of patients (95% CI 5.2 to 7.5). H. pylori antigen positivity was associated with female sex (p < 0.05) and a higher Simplified Acute Physiology Score II (SAPS II) (p < 0.05). The other clinical characteristics did not differ according to H. pylori status (Table 2). The percentages of patients requiring red blood cell transfusions and the total numbers of units of blood cells transfused were similar in the two groups (Table 2).

Table 2 Clinical characteristics of ICU patients with negative and positive H. pylori antigen detection
Full size table

During their ICU stay, 307 (17.3%) patients had clinical evidence of bleeding. Among these, 84 patients (27%) had extra-digestive bleeding, 156 (51%) had an unexplained decline in the hemoglobin level and 67 (22%) patients had clinical evidence of upper digestive bleeding. Esophagogastroduodenoscopy was performed in 7.6% of cases, for suspected gastrointestinal bleeding or an unexplained decline in the hemoglobin level, showing gastric or duodenal ulcer in 45%, oesophageal ulcer in 24% and diffuse gastritis in 12% of the cases. H. pylori antigen was positive in 2.5% of the patients with abnormal esophagogastroduodenoscopy. Five hundred patients (28.2%) required blood transfusion and 55 (3.1%) received more than four units of red blood cell transfusion. The mean number of units of red blood cells per transfused patient was 5.5 (range 1 to 69) for these latter patients. The characteristics of the patients with clinical evidence of bleeding (excluding those with extra-digestive bleeding) were compared with those of the patients without bleeding (Table 3). Survival was significantly better in patients without bleeding than in patients with clinical evidence of bleeding during their ICU stay (p < 0.001). Using multivariate analysis, the bleeding risk was independently associated with SAPS II (OR = 1.013, 95% CI 1.003 to 1.022), shock on admission (OR = 1.658, 95% CI 1.197 to 2.295), and creatinine plasma level on admission (OR = 1.001; 95% CI 1.00001 to 1.0013).

Table 3 Main clinical characteristics of patients with and without bleeding during their ICU stay
Full size table

Serology

Tests for H. pylori-specific antibodies were performed on admission in 312 patients in 2 of the 12 centers. The results were negative in 208 patients (67%) and positive in 104 patients (33%). Serology was concordant with antigen detection results in 66% of cases. The hematocrit fell in similar proportions of seropositive and seronegative patients (13.5% and 17.9%, respectively). The incidence of digestive gastrointestinal hemorrhage was 2.9% and 1.0% in seronegative and seropositive patients, respectively. The numbers of patients requiring blood transfusion were similar in the seronegative and seropositive groups.

H. pylori serology was compared with H. pylori antigen swab detection in the 312 patients. Antigen detection was negative in 91 seropositive patients and positive in 16 seronegative patients.

Discussion

We found no correlation between H. pylori infection diagnosed by antigen detection on rectal swabs and the occurrence of hematocrit decrease or gastrointestinal hemorrhage during the ICU stay.

The prevalence of H. pylori based on stool antigen detection was only 6.3%. This percentage is much lower than that previously reported in industrialized countries and particularly in ICU patients (about 60%) [11, 13]. This latter prevalence was significantly higher than the 39% reported in blood donor control population [11]. Several factors might explain the low prevalence of H. pylori infection found here by rectal swabbing. The sensitivity of this method may be influenced by a variable amount of stools recovered by swabbing. Furthermore, the H. pylori antigen detection method was validated on direct stool samples rather than swabs [16, 17]. However, stool sampling can be difficult on admission in ICU patients because of intestinal ileus or impaired transit. The urea breath test, which is the reference method, had been performed in a restricted population that could not indicate a true prevalence [12], and this method cannot be used routinely in ICU patients. Because serological methods cannot discriminate recent from past infection, they may overestimate the frequency of H. pylori infection.

It is important to underline that, in our study, the seropositivity rate in a subgroup of 312 patients was 33%. This rate was significantly lower than in previous serological studies [5, 14, 19] and might corroborate the low rate found with the swab sampling. The exclusion from the study of the patients with a history of ulcers might have also contributed to this relatively low prevalence of H. pylori positivity in our population. Additionally, 27.9% of our patients were receiving antibiotics on admission to the ICU; these might have participated in the eradication of H. pylori [20]. According with our results, some studies suggest that the prevalence of H. pylori infection has been overestimated [21], and a recent investigation showed that the prevalence of peptic ulcer disease fell during a 10-year study period [22]. New epidemiological studies on H. pylori would be of interest to confirm this trend.

The frequency of patients who required red blood cell transfusion was 28.2% in our study, a rate close to that reported by Hebert and colleagues (25%) [23] but lower than that observed in a recent European survey (37%) [24]. However, it should be noted that we excluded patients who required significant red cell transfusions at about the time of admission to the ICU. The indications for red blood cell transfusion may vary with the type of ICU: Groeger and colleagues reported rates of 16% in a medical ICU and 27% in a surgical ICU [25]. The hemoglobin cutoff at which the ICU practitioners prescribed red blood cell transfusion was not recorded in our study, but they took account of the TRICC (Transfusion Requirement In Critical Care) study supporting a restrictive transfusion policy [26]. Similarly, contemporary French consensus guidelines recommended transfusion when the hemoglobin level fell below 7 g/dl, except in patients with ischemic myocardial disease, sepsis, or heart failure [18].

The incidence of digestive bleeding in our study (2.8%) was similar to the estimated prevalence in previous surveys [13, 27]. In addition, 7.5% of our patients had an unexplained decrease in the hematocrit warranting gastroscopic examination. However, 28.2% of the patients required blood transfusion, indicating clearly that some patients were transfused without the information on upper gastrointestinal bleeding.

Robertson and colleagues observed a trend towards a significant relationship between H. pylori seropositivity and gastric bleeding in a series including 100 ICU patients [11]. Similarly, Van der Voort and colleagues found a significant correlation between [13C] urea breath test positivity and the endoscopic severity of upper gastrointestinal mucosal lesions in 44 ICU patients [12]. In a recent case-control study, Maury and colleagues showed that H. pylori infection, whatever method was used to detect it (serology, stool antigen detection or histologic examination), was more frequent in patients with upper gastrointestinal bleeding [28]. In contrast, no such relation was found with H. pylori seropositivity [13, 14, 19]. In two studies involving, respectively, 229 and 301 patients in cardiosurgical intensive care units, no link was found between H. pylori serostatus and upper gastrointestinal bleeding [14, 19]. The seroprevalence in these studies was about 60% [14, 18, 19]. Our study of a very large number of ICU patients showed no relationship between fecal H. pylori antigen status and gastrointestinal bleeding. Indeed, the 111 patients with H. pylori antigen positivity, indicating a current proven H. pylori infection, did not have a higher incidence of gastrointestinal bleeding or higher transfusion requirements. Similarly, the subgroup of 104 seropositive patients was not associated with higher gastrointestinal bleeding or red blood cell transfusions.

Conclusion

This large study showed a low prevalence of H. pylori infection in ICU patients, as diagnosed by antigen detection on rectal swabs. The patients infected by H. pylori were not at increased risk of gastrointestinal bleeding, suggesting that H. pylori does not have a major role in the pathogenesis of acute stress ulcer in ICU patients.

Key messages

Antigen detection of H. pylori on rectal swab was positive in 6.3% of the ICU patients.

The patients infected with H. pylori had no additional risk of gastrointestinal bleeding.

Abbreviations

CI:

= confidence interval

ICU:

= intensive care unit

OR:

= odds ratio.

References

  1. Blaser MJ: Helicobacter pylori and the pathogenesis of gastroduodenal inflammation. J Infect Dis 1990, 161: 626-633.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Asaka M, Dragosics BA: Helicobacter pylori and gastric malignancies. Helicobacter 2004,9(Suppl 1):35-41. 10.1111/j.1083-4389.2004.00252.x

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Taylor DN, Blaser MJ: The epidemiology of Helicobacter pylori infection. Epidemiol Rev 1991, 13: 42-59.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Megraud F: Epidemiology of Helicobacter pylori infection. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 1993, 22: 73-88.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Robertson MS, Clancy RL, Cade JF: Helicobacter pylori in intensive care: why we should be interested. Intensive Care Med 2003, 29: 1881-1888. 10.1007/s00134-003-1838-4

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Bresalier RS: The clinical significance and pathophysiology of stress-related gastric mucosal hemorrhage. J Clin Gastroenterol 1991,13(Suppl 2):S35-S43.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Eddleston J: Stress ulceration in the critically ill population. In Yearbook of Intensive Care Medicine. Edited by: Vincent JL. Berlin: Springer; 1998:649-655.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Davies GR, Simmonds NJ, Stevens TR, Sheaff MT, Banatvala N, Laurenson IF, Blake DR, Rampton DS: Helicobacter pylori stimulates antral mucosal reactive oxygen metabolite production in vivo . Gut 1994, 35: 179-185.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Pare WP, Burken MI, Allen ED, Kluczynski JM: Reduced incidence of stress ulcer in germ-free Sprague Dawley rats. Life Sci 1993, 53: 1099-1104. 10.1016/0024-3205(93)90263-3

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Matsushima Y, Kinoshita Y, Watanabe M, Hassan S, Fukui H, Maekawa T, Okada A, Kawanami C, Kishi K, Watanabe N, et al.: Augmentation of water-immersion stress- induced gastric mucosal lesions in BALB/c mice infected with Helicobacter felis . Digestion 1999, 60: 34-40. 10.1159/000007586

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Robertson MS, Cade JF, Clancy RL: Helicobacter pylori infection in intensive care: increased prevalence and a new nosocomial infection. Crit Care Med 1999, 27: 1276-1280. 10.1097/00003246-199907000-00010

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. van der Voort PH, van der Hulst RW, Zandstra DF, Geraedts AA, van der Ende A, Tytgat GN: Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection in stress-induced gastric mucosal injury. Intensive Care Med 2001, 27: 68-73. 10.1007/s001340000773

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Ellison RT, Perez-Perez G, Welsh CH, Blaser MJ, Riester KA, Cross AS, Donta ST, Peduzzi P: Risk factors for upper gastrointestinal bleeding in intensive care unit patients: role of Helicobacter pylori . Federal Hyperimmune Immunoglobulin Therapy Study Group. Crit Care Med 1996, 24: 1974-1981. 10.1097/00003246-199612000-00008

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Halm U, Halm F, Thein D, Mohr FW, Mossner J: Helicobacter pylori infection: a risk factor for upper gastrointestinal bleeding after cardiac surgery? Crit Care Med 2000, 28: 110-113. 10.1097/00003246-200001000-00018

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Van der voort PHJ, Van der Hulst RW, Zandstra DF, Geraedts AAM, Tytgat GNJ: Detection of Helicobacter pylori in mechanically ventilated patients: the LARA-13C-urea breath test and serology. Clin Intensive Care 1999, 10: 91-95.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Vaira D, Malfertheiner P, Megraud F, Axon AT, Deltenre M, Hirschl AM, Gasbarrini G, O'Morain C, Garcia JM, Quina M, et al.: Diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infection with a new non-invasive antigen-based assay. HpSA European study group. Lancet 1999, 354: 30-33. 10.1016/S0140-6736(98)08103-3

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Dore MP, Negrini R, Tadeu V, Marras L, Maragkoudakis E, Nieddu S, Simula L, Cherchi GB, Massarelli G, Realdi G: Novel monoclonal antibody-based Helicobacter pylori stool antigen test. Helicobacter 2004, 9: 228-232. 10.1111/j.1083-4389.2004.00228.x

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Perrotin D, Camboulives J, Domart Y, Fagon JY, Gérard JL, Jonquet O, Lefrère JJ, Lestavel P, De Montalembert M, Paugam C, Regnier J, et al.: Transfusion érythrocytaire en Réanimation: Conférence de consensus. Reanimation 2003, 12: 531-537. 10.1016/j.reaurg.2003.11.001

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Schilling D, Haisch G, Sloot N, Jakobs R, Saggau W, Riemann JF: Low seroprevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection in patients with stress ulcer bleeding – a prospective evaluation of patients on a cardiosurgical intensive care unit. Intensive Care Med 2000, 26: 1832-1836. 10.1007/s001340000724

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Sun WH, Ou XL, Cao DZ, Yu Q, Yu T, Hu JM, Zhu F, Sun YL, Fu XL, Su H: Efficacy of omeprazole and amoxicillin with either clarithromycin or metronidazole on eradication of Helicobacter pylori in Chinese peptic ulcer patients. World J Gastroenterol 2005, 11: 2477-2481.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Cockburn M, Cox B: The effect of measurement error on the determination of Helicobacter pylori prevalence. Epidemiology 1997, 8: 205-209.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Arents NL, Thijs JC, van Zwet AA, Kleibeuker JH: Does the declining prevalence of Helicobacter pylori unmask patients with idiopathic peptic ulcer disease? Trends over an 8 year period. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2004, 16: 779-783. 10.1097/01.meg.0000108367.19243.73

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Hebert PC, Wells G, Martin C, Tweeddale M, Marshall J, Blajchman M, Pagliarello G, Sandham D, Schweitzer II, Boisvert D, et al.: Variation in red cell transfusion practice in the intensive care unit: a multicentre cohort study. Crit Care (Lond) 1999, 3: 57-63. 10.1186/cc310

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Vincent JL, Baron JF, Reinhart K, Gattinoni L, Thijs L, Webb A, Meier-Hellmann A, Nollet G, Peres-Bota D: Anemia and blood transfusion in critically ill patients. JAMA 2002, 288: 1499-1507. 10.1001/jama.288.12.1499

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Groeger JS, Guntupalli KK, Strosberg M, Halpern N, Raphaely RC, Cerra F, Kaye W: Descriptive analysis of critical care units in the United States: patient characteristics and intensive care unit utilization. Crit Care Med 1993, 21: 279-291.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Hebert PC, Wells G, Blajchman MA, Marshall J, Martin C, Pagliarello G, Tweeddale M, Schweitzer I, Yetisir E: A multicenter, randomized, controlled clinical trial of transfusion requirements in critical care. Transfusion Requirements in Critical Care Investigators, Canadian Critical Care Trials Group. N Engl J Med 1999, 340: 409-417. 10.1056/NEJM199902113400601

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Cook DJ, Fuller HD, Guyatt GH, Marshall JC, Leasa D, Hall R, Winton TL, Rutledge F, Todd TJ, Roy P, et al.: Risk factors for gastrointestinal bleeding in critically ill patients. Canadian Critical Care Trials Group. N Engl J Med 1994, 330: 377-381. 10.1056/NEJM199402103300601

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Maury E, Tankovic J, Ebel A, Offenstadt G: An observational study of upper gastrointestinal bleeding in intensive care units: is Helicobacter pylori the culprit? Crit Care Med 2005, 33: 1513-1518. 10.1097/01.CCM.0000168043.60624.3E

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors thank Maryse André for her great help in this study, and Stephanie Ragot for her help for the statistical analysis. This work was supported in part by a grant from the Programme Hospitalier de Recherche Clinique Régional of the Teaching Hospital (CHU) of Poitiers, France.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Réanimation Médicale, CHU Poitiers, 2 rue de la milèterie, BP 577 86021, Poitiers cedex France

    René Robert

  2. Réanimation Polyvalente, Hopital Girac, Saint Michel, 16140, France

    Valérie Gissot

  3. Réanimation Médicale, CHU Angers 4 rue Larrey, Angers, 49100, France

    Marc Pierrot

  4. Réanimation Chirurgicale, CHU Poitiers, 2 rue de la milèterie, BP 577,86021, Poitiers cedex France

    Leila Laksiri

  5. Réanimation Médicale, CHU Bretonneau, 2 Boulevard Tonnelé, Tours, 37044, France

    Emmanuelle Mercier

  6. Réanimation Médicale, CHU de la Cavale Blanche rue Tanguy Pringent, Brest, 29200, France

    Gwenael Prat

  7. Réanimation Médicale, CHU Nantes, 1 place Alexis Ricordeau, Nantes cedex, 44093, France

    Daniel Villers

  8. Réanimation Polyvalente, Centre hospitalier de Saintes, 9 place du 11 novembre, Saintes cedex, BP 326, 17108, France

    Jean-François Vincent

  9. Réanimation Polyvalente Chateauroux, Centre hospitalier de Chateauroux, 216 avenue de verdun, Chateauroux, 36000, France

    Michel Hira

  10. Réanimation Polyvalente Limoges, CHU Dupuytren, 2 avenue Martin Luther King, Limoges cedex, 87042, France

    Philippe Vignon

  11. Réanimation Polyvalente Niort, 40 avenue du général de Gaulle, Niort, 79000, France

    Patrick Charlot

  12. Laboratoire de Microbiologie A,CHU Poitiers, EA 3807,BP 577, 2 rue de la milèterie, Poitiers cedex, 86021, France

    Christophe Burucoa

Authors
  1. René Robert
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Valérie Gissot
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Marc Pierrot
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Leila Laksiri
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Emmanuelle Mercier
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Gwenael Prat
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Daniel Villers
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Jean-François Vincent
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  9. Michel Hira
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  10. Philippe Vignon
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  11. Patrick Charlot
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  12. Christophe Burucoa
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to René Robert.

Additional information

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Authors' contributions

RR and CB designed the protocol. RR, VG, MP, LL, EM, GP, JFV, MH, PV and PC were responsible for the inclusion of the patients and data collection. LL and CB conducted the microbiologic assay and serological study. RR, VG, MP and CB performed the data and statistical analysis. RR, VG, DV, PV and CB prepared the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Robert, R., Gissot, V., Pierrot, M. et al. Helicobacter pylori infection is not associated with an increased hemorrhagic risk in patients in the intensive care unit. Crit Care 10, R77 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1186/cc4920

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/cc4920

Keywords

Critical Care

ISSN: 1364-8535